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1.
The brain contains approximately 100 billion nerve cells, or neurons, and many more supporting cells, or ganglia.
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2.
A neurotransmitter can elicit a biological effect in the postsynaptic neuron by binding to a protein called a neurotransmitter receptor.
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4.
Every time a person learns something new, whether it is conscious or unconscious, that experience alters the structure of the brain.
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5.
The manifestations of mental disorders vary with age, gender, race, and culture.
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6.
Anxiety is one of the most readily accessible and easily understood of the major symptoms of mental disorders.
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7.
Anxiety has evolved as a vitally important physiological response to dangerous situations that prepares one to evade or confront a threat in the environment.
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8.
Disturbances of perception and thought process fall into a broad category of symptoms referred to as psychosis.
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9.
Hallucinations are said to occur when an individual experiences a sensory impression that has no basis in reality.
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10.
Hallucinations may be auditory, olfactory, gustatory, kinesthetic, tactile, or visual.
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11.
Auditory hallucinations frequently involve the impression that one is hearing a voice.
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12.
A delusion is a false belief that an individual holds despite evidence to the contrary.
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13.
Hallucinations and delusions are among the least commonly observed psychotic symptoms.
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14.
Blunting of affect refers to a general reduction in the ability to express emotion.
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15.
Anhedonia reflects a deficit in the ability to experience pleasure and to react appropriately to pleasurable situations.
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16.
Disturbances of mood characteristically manifest themselves as a sustained feeling of sadness or sustained elevation of mood.
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17.
Cognitive function refers to the general ability to organize, process, and recall information.
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18.
Progressive deterioration of cognitive function is referred to as dementia.
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19.
The precise causes of most mental disorders is known.
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20.
According to Engel’s model, biopsychosocial factors are involved in the causes, manifestation, course, and outcome of health and disease, including mental disorders.
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21.
Twin studies often compare the frequency with which identical versus fraternal twins display a disorder.
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22.
Freud’s structural model of personality divides the personality into three parts, the id, the ego, and the superego.
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23.
Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or attenuated, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences.
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24.
John Bowlby’s reinterpretation of Freudian development is grounded in both Darwinian evolutionary theory and animal ethology.
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25.
Mental disorders are not treatable
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26.
The placebo effect refers to the powerful role of patients’ attitudes and perceptions that help them improve and recover from health problems.
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27.
It is not unusual for a placebo effect to be found in up to 50 percent of patients in any study of a medical treatment.
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28.
Most people with mental disorders seek treatment.
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29.
The U.S. mental health system is well equipped to meet the needs of racial and ethnic minority populations.
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30.
Culturally rooted traditions of religious beliefs and practices carry important consequences for willingness to seek mental health services.
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31.
There is mounting awareness that ethnic and cultural influences can alter an individual’s responses to medications.
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